Eighth edition T category is prognostic: the size of the solid component matters, not the ratio (2025)

During the past two decades, the prevalence of ground-glass nodule (GGN) and small-sized lung cancer has increased due to the wider use of thin-section computed tomography (CT) and CT screening. Due to its association with smoking, squamous cell carcinoma used to be the most frequent histological type; however, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has recently increased to 60–70% of lung cancer histologic types. This is probably due to the increase in lung cancer patients without smoking history and the higher opportunity for resection of part-solid nodules with ground-glass opacity (GGO). The increasing prevalence of lung adenocarcinoma cases with part-solid nodules enabled many studies to identify the radiological features and oncological characteristics of these tumors. Further, the importance of solid components has been clarified and several studies have attempted to predict the postoperative prognosis using ratios as consolidation-to-tumor ratio (CTR) and tumor disappearance ratio (TDR) (1,2).

The CTR and TDR are closely related to pathological invasion and former studies have shown that evaluating the invasion size after surgical resection contributes to the prediction of the prognosis. In particular, the prognostic impact of CTR has been shown in multiple studies despite differences in the sample sizes and the used methodologies. In previous studies, several cutoff values for CTR (e.g., CTR 0.25 or 0.5) have been proposed to predict the survival of patients who underwent lung resection (1,3-5). On the other hand, Hattori et al. reported that the presence of GGO and the solid component size were independent prognostic factors for overall survival (6).

Based on the prognostic data from the multinational cohort of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), small lung cancers (≤3 cm) have been further categorized into T1a (≤1 cm), T1b (>1 to ≤2 cm), and T1c (>2 to ≤3 cm) in the eighth edition of the tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification (7). Further, the eighth edition addressed the correlation between radiologic part-solid nodules and the histologic components of lung adenocarcinomas with a lepidic component and proposed the use of invasive size, rather than the total size, for the T descriptor (8). A validation study that investigated the prognostic impact of invasive size-based staging as compared with that of total size-based staging demonstrated that the use of the invasive size provided better prognostic stratification than the total size (9).

A recent study by Kim et al. (10) investigated the prognostic values of CTR and TDR to clarify whether those prognostic values were independent of the eighth edition clinical T category (cT). The authors hypothesized that there would be a considerable overlap between the prognostic roles of the eighth edition cT and that of CTR and TDR. They conducted a retrospective review of 691 patients with cT1mi to cT1c adenocarcinoma. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age and cT status were independently associated with disease-free survival (DFS), while both CTR and TDR were not independent factors for DFS. This result would be reasonable if we consider a comparison of the two following cases: case 1 with a 3.0 cm tumor and 2.4 cm invasive component (cT1c, CTR 0.8), and case 2 with a 1.0 cm tumor and 0.9 cm invasive component (cT1a, CTR 0.9). One would expect that case 1 will have a poorer prognosis than case 2 although the CTR in case 1 is lower than that in case 2.

Although this study suggested that measuring the size of the solid component in CT scan would be useful to predict the patient’s prognosis, we should be aware of potential variability in the measurements of the solid component size by preoperative CT. We have demonstrated significant inter-observer variability in size measurement in part-solid adenocarcinomas (11). We assessed the tumor size measurement variability between six physicians (five surgeons and one radiologist). The inter-observer variability in measuring the solid component size was higher than that of measuring the total tumor size in part-solid nodules. Further, small-sized, part-solid adenocarcinoma, which is expected as a minimally-invasive carcinoma showed the highest coefficient value for variation (Figure 1) on the assessment of tumor morphological characteristics in CT patterns (Table 1). These results indicated the difficulty of size measurement of the solid component for part-solid nodules and the existence of unavoidable size measurement variability (11).

Table 1. CT morphologic characteristics.

Group	Characteristics	Representative image
I	Multiple dot-like solid part, or moderately dense part of the nodule
II	The nodule includes or is in contact with bronchovascular bundles
III	Nodules with spiculation or atelectasis
IV	Nodules adjacent to the cystic lesion
V	Extensive shadow of diffuse consolidation with GGO

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CT, computed tomography; GGO, ground-glass opacity

The relationship between pure-solid or part-solid nodules and genetic features, such as EGFR, KRAS, ALK, HER2 (12) and PD-L1 (13) is also being investigated. It is expected that these features will become clearer. Further, it is speculated that the evolution of imaging equipment, such as CT will progress further and that the problem of inter-observer variability may be solved in the future.